Unifying the Hubble, Gravitational, & Planck Constants with the Law of Entity Equivalence

Breakthrough: Unifying the Hubble, Gravitational, & Planck Constants with the Law of Entity Equivalence

Abstract: In 1905, Albert Einstein introduced the concept of energy equivalence with his groundbreaking theory of special relativity, which defines the relationship between mass and energy with the now famous equation E=mc2. Here we show that the equivalence of energy and mass can be extended to both space and time, and thus to each other. The equivalence of these entities is clearly demonstrated with the introduction of a new term, the energy stream constant, which directly defines the equivalence of mass, space, and time; and can be derived from existing terms of energy and electric charge. In addition, the energy stream constant shows that the Planck constant is not a fundamental constant, but rather a function of the energy stream constant and the speed of light, which shows that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is determined by wavelength, not frequency. I.e., the energy of a photon is agnostic to the speed of light.

Furthermore, the energy stream constant can be used to calculate the exact value of the gravitational constant. The immediate consequences of this proportional relationship are realized when considering how the expansion of space (as currently described) violates entity equivalence. This dictates that mass and time must expand symmetrically with space in order to maintain their defined proportionality. Reconciling this violation shows that the Hubble constant describes the expansion rate of all three entities, and that the acceleration term of the gravitational constant is derived directly from the Hubble constant. This connection shows that the Hubble constant actually quantifies the increasing energy density of the universe, and its true age is likely far older than the currently theorized estimate of ~14 billion years.

Publication: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371443783_Unifying_the_Hubble_Gravitational_Planck_Constants_with_the_Law_of_Entity_Equivalence